General Questions 1

The symptoms which is LEAST specific for bladder outflow obstruction is:

1. a. Hesitancy
2. b. Intermittency
3. c. Nocturia
4. d. Terminal dribbling
5. e. Reduced urinary stream

Which form of incontinence is usually treated pharmacologically initially?

1. a. Continuous incontinence
2. b. Stress incontinence
3. c. Urge incontinence
4. d. Giggle incontinence
5. e. Overflow incontinence

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

1. a. Haemospermia usually results from malignancy of the prostate
2. b. Pneumaturia is most frequently due to gas-forming organisms in diabetic patients with high concentrations of urinary sugar
3. c. A thick, purulent, profuse urethral discharge is usually seen in non-gonococcal urethritis
4. d. Cloudy urine most commonly results from phosphate crystals precipitating in alkaline urine
5. e. Spontaneous emission of semen from the urethra is abnormal

All the following statements about the physical examination are true EXCEPT:

1. a. The left kidney is generally palpable in men
2. b. Transillumination of the kidney may be helpful in children younger than 1 year of age
3. c. The adult bladder cannot usually be palpated or percussed until there is 150ml of urine in it
4. d. Bimanual examination of the bladder to assess tumour extent is best done under anaesthetic
5. e. A lower ureteric calculus may be palpable per vaginam

Which of the following statements about abnormal physical findings of the penis is FALSE?

1. a. In children under the age of 5 years, it is not abnormal for the foreskin to be non-retractile
2. b. The urethra can normally be felt on the ventrum of the penis
3. c. Paraphimosis is frequently iatrogenic
4. d. Carcinoma of the penis is almost exclusively seen in uncircumcised men
5. e. Priapism usually presents with a rigid, non-tender penis

Which of the following statements about scrotal and testicular problems is TRUE?

1. a. Torsion of the testis is seen most commonly between the ages of 20 and 30 years
2. b. Hydrocele is diagnosed by transillumination and, if any portion transilluminates, malignancy is excluded
3. c. A right-sided varicocele is slightly less common than a left-sided varicocele
4. d. A painless testicular mass in a man aged 20 to 35 years, found incidentally, is the most common presentation of a testicular tumour
5. e. Epididmyal cysts always occur in the tail of the epididymis

Approximately what percentage of prostate cancers arises in the peripheral zone of the prostate?

1. a. 90%
2. b. 70%
3. c. 50%
4. d. 30%
5. e. 10%

The investigation of choice to define anatomical detail in the calyces, renal pelvis and ureter is:

1. a. Intravenous urography (IVU)
2. b. Ultrasound
3. c. CT urography
4. d. Retrograde ureteropyelography
5. e. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Ultrasound has many advantages which include all of the following EXCEPT:

1. a. It is safe and does not use ionizing radiation
2. b. It allows discrimination between pseudotumours and true lesions
3. c. It is not affected by renal function
4. d. It requires little or no pre-procedural preparation
5. e. It can be safely performed in pregnant women

Ultrasound shows a bright, highly-reflective mass in the right kidney. The most likely diagnosis is:

1. a. Simple renal cyst
2. b. Angiomyolipma
3. c. Papillary necrosis
4. d. Renal calculus
5. e. Renal cell carcinoma